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These include provisioning services such as food and water; regulating services such as flood and disease control; cultural services such as spiritual mood disorder children order clozapine 100mg amex, recreational mood disorder with psychotic features dsm criteria generic 100 mg clozapine overnight delivery, and cultural benefits; and supporting services such as nutrient cycling that maintain the conditions for life on Earth anxiety lightheadedness best 25mg clozapine. An ecosystem is considered stable if it returns to its original state shortly after a perturbation (resilience) mood disorder prescriptions purchase clozapine 50 mg on-line, exhibits low temporal variability (constancy), or does not change dramatically in the face of a perturbation (resistance). Emergent property: A phenomenon that is not evident in the constituent parts of a system but that appears when they interact in the system as a whole. Existence value: the value that individuals place on knowing that a resource exists, even if they never use that resource (also sometimes known as conservation value or passive use value). Extent: the length or area over which observations were made or for which an assessment was made or over which a process is expressed. Externality: A consequence of an action that affects someone other than the agent undertaking that action and for which the agent is neither compensated nor penalized. Functional redundancy: A characteristic of species within an ecosystem in which certain species contribute in equivalent ways to an ecosystem function such that one species may substitute for another. Note that species that are redundant for one ecosystem function may not be redundant for others. Good social relations: Social cohesion, mutual respect, good gender and family relations, and the ability to help others and provide for children. Grain (of a phenomenon): A spatial unit that can be considered internally homogenous. Grain (of observation) is the fundamental (that is, the smallest) unit of observation. Also used to mean the environmental attributes required by a particular species or its ecological niche. The health of a whole community or population is reflected in measurements of disease incidence and prevalence, age-specific death rates, and life expectancy. Hedonic price methods: Economic valuation methods that use statistical techniques to break down the price paid for goods and services into the implicit prices for each of their attributes, including environmental attributes such as access to recreation or clean air. Thus the price of a home may be broken down to see how much the buyers were willing to pay for a home in a neighborhood with cleaner air. Hierarchical systems: Systems that can be analyzed into successive sets of nested subsystems. Indicator: Information based on measured data used to represent a particular attribute, characteristic, or property of a system. Indirect use value: the benefits derived from the goods and services provided by an ecosystem that are used indirectly by an economic agent. For example, an agent at some distance from an ecosystem may derive benefits from drinking water that has been purified as it passed through the ecosystem. Institutions: the rules that guide how people within societies live, work, and interact with each other. Examples of formal institutions would be the constitution, the judiciary laws, the organized market, and property rights. Informal institutions are rules governed by social and behavioral norms of the society, family, or community. Intrinsic value: the value of someone or something in and for itself, irrespective of its utility for someone else. Irreversibility: the quality of being impossible or difficult to return to , or to restore to , a former condition. Kantianism: A theory of ethics that ascribes intrinsic value to rational beings and is the philosophical foundations of contemporary human rights and the extended ascription of intrinsic value to a wide spectrum of nonhuman natural entities, including ecosystems. Land cover: the physical coverage of land, usually expressed in terms of vegetation cover or lack of it. Land use: the human utilization of a piece of land for a certain purpose (such as irrigated agriculture or recreation). Landscape: An area of land that contains a mosaic of ecosystems, including human-dominated ecosystems. The term cultural landscape is often used when referring to landscapes containing significant human populations. Length of growing period: For the purposes of the system definitions used in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, this is defined for terrestrial ecosystems as the total number of days in a year during which rainfall exceeds one half of potential evapotranspiration. Level: the discrete levels of social organization, such as individuals, households, communities, and nations. Glossary 213 Market failure: the inability of a market to bring about the allocation of resources that best satisfies the wants of society.

When programs and policies are built on a framework of research findings they are referred to as being evidence-based depression ketamine buy clozapine 25 mg overnight delivery. The intervention is designed to reduce caregiver burden severe depression gambling purchase clozapine 25 mg, improve caregiver ability to manage daily care challenges jung depression test discount 50 mg clozapine with mastercard, and reduce behavioral symptoms and functional dependence in individuals with dementia depression ww1 definition clozapine 25mg online. Offices on Aging/Aging and Disability Resource Centers/Area Agencies on Aging can partner with local public health departments to assess community needs, develop programs and supports, and provide referrals. Image source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Amanda Mills (Photographer) 261 materials and programs to support individuals, families and caregivers. Other non-profits, such as faith-based organizations and civic groups, can be partners that may co-sponsor educational events, distribute information, offer services, provide a place for caregiver support groups to meet, etc. Residential care facilities may be able to reach out to other health care and business partners in the community to promote awareness, support program development, and initiate dementia friendly policies. The workforces that would benefit from training and education include: Health care workforce: including primary care physicians, specialists (neurologists, geriatricians, psychiatrists), nurses, community health workers, social workers, psychologists, pharmacists, dentists. Direct care professionals: the workforce that provides the majority of the paid daily care (such as helping with bathing, dressing, housekeeping, food preparation, etc. Operators and drivers need to be aware of the special challenges faced by individuals with dementia, as well as how to recognize the signs that someone may need help. Faith or spiritual communities: these communities can be an important source of support and engagement for people with dementia, their families, and their caregivers. Church liaisons and volunteers may be trained to assist and support community members living with dementia. The effort to become dementia friendly is made on a community-wide basis and requires planning and participation from all sectors as well as the general public. While overlap exists between the concepts of dementia capable (discussed previously) and dementia friendly, a dementia-friendly community encompasses a broader goal of supporting a higher quality of life for people with dementia beyond simply meeting their physical and health needs. While encompassing the same aspects of dementia capable systems, dementia friendly communities offer: o Resources and supports that are geographically, financially, and culturally available and accessible. Ensure safety and accessibility: People can live safely, with as much independence as possible. This concept includes public transportation, walkability for leisure and to complete daily tasks, minimizing confusion when moving from place to place, and ensuring safety. Mobility considerations may include: o o o o o Age-friendly pavements Adequate signage Safe pedestrian crossings Trained safety personnel Welcoming open spaces, including squares, parks, and playgrounds Public education and workforce development: In these communities, residents, agencies, businesses, health care facilities, places of worship, and general service providers are learning about dementia through education and awareness efforts, and providing assistance to people with the condition and their caregivers as they go about their daily lives. The registry provides the name, home address, and contact information for family members or care partners should the individual with dementia need help or become involved with law enforcement. In the following slides, we will look at some examples of communities and organizations working to become dementia friendly. Wisconsin Healthy Brain Initiative, A Tool Kit for Developing Dementia-Friendly Communities. All city management departments are involved in the effort, including first responders. The local Walgreens also earned the dementia-friendly label and has improved signage throughout their stores as well as trained their employees on how to interact successfully with their customers with dementia. They are now working with other communities in Wisconsin to support them as they become dementia friendly. The process follows four action phases: Convene key community leaders and members to form an action team Assess strengths and gaps within the community related to dementia-friendly aspects Analyze community needs and develop action plans to respond 1. The toolkit includes sector specific training guides, such as those targeted toward businesses, finance, legal, and local government entities. Those who complete the training are given posters, media materials and window stickers recognizing them as "dementia friendly. They provide a "Dementia Friendly Toolkit", sector specific guides, healthcare provider practice tools, and training videos for their partner communities to utilize as those communities work to become dementia-friendly. Image source: Dementia Friendly America 283 initiative, and another 80 communities across 30 states are looking to join them in 2016. While still in the planning stages, Tempe has made significant progress: Held a successful kickoff summit in the community (see YouTube video below) Held Action Team meetings led by the Chamber of Commerce, where they are reviewing results of a survey given to sectors across the community to assess needs. Additionally, the Action Team is expecting to conduct environmental assessments of public spaces.

Seasonal influenza: Influenza virus infections by strains that occur in familiar annual patterns anxiety helpline clozapine 25mg with visa. Because these strains have infected humans in the past anxiety xanax and dementia discount 25 mg clozapine otc, most people already have some protection depression trilogy order clozapine 50mg fast delivery, or immunity anxiety 37 weeks pregnant order clozapine 25 mg amex, against them. Second- and third-order consequences: Unintended consequences resulting from a social distancing measure. For example, closing schools may lead to increased employee absenteeism, a second-order consequence, because parents will need to stay home to care for their children. High absenteeism may lead employers to close workplaces, which could result in loss of income for employees, a third-order consequence. Sector: A distinct subdivision of a society, economy, or government whose components share a similar function. A municipality may be grouped into different sectors depending upon the roles or areas of expertise of their members within the community (such as the health, transportation, or utilities sectors). Social distancing: Measures to increase the space between people and decrease contact among people in order to reduce the spread of an infectious disease like influenza, such as school closures, work closures, and cancellation of public gatherings. Spokesperson: Person who communicates with the media and the public on behalf of a government or organization. There are many different strains of influenza viruses, which change constantly and create new strains that replace older ones. Surge capacity: the ability of an organization to provide more services than usual for a limited period of time in order to meet increased demand during a crisis such as a pandemic. For example, the ability of medical laboratories to provide greater numbers of vaccines, or the ability of a hospital to care for more patients than usual. Surgical mask: Disposable face mask that covers the mouth and nose, used to prevent the transmission of germs. Surveillance: Continuous monitoring of a disease (both cases of illness and its spread) with the goal of controlling the disease. Sympathy: the feeling or expression of pity or sorrow for the pain or distress of somebody else. Target audience: the people to whom a message, communication, or information is directed. Triage: A way to prioritize medical treatment for patients based on the severity of their conditions-in order to save the most lives-when it is not possible to treat all patients immediately. Virulence: the ability of a virus or bacteria to cause illness, and the severity of the illness caused. Waves: Unlike most disasters, which tend to happen as a single event that ends within a day or so (such as a hurricane or an earthquake), a pandemic may occur in a series of waves, each one lasting approximately 6­12 weeks. The very worst week of the first wave is likely to occur around the fourth or fifth week after the pandemic starts in your area. These categories usually are defined not just by financial wealth, but also by how people earn money and how much access they have to community services such as healthcare. Appendix 1: Glossary of terms, in Interim pre-pandemic planning guidance: Community strategy for pandemic influenza mitigation in the United States, 71-74. The H2P Website is a virtual store of pandemic preparedness resources-planning tools, training modules, guidance and policy documents, communication and advocacy tools, and reference materials for areas such as food security and livelihoods-all of which are downloadable free from this Website. Government-wide information on pandemic influenza for many audiences: the general public, health and emergency preparedness professionals, health communicators, policy makers, government and business leaders, school systems, and local communities. This Website provides the latest news and authoritative information on H1N1 influenza and pandemic influenza, health guidance for communities and individuals, and answers to frequently asked questions. This article identifies and describes the non-pharmaceutical public health interventions that would be most likely to reduce the impact of an influenza pandemic. It also provides background information about the use of nonpharmaceutical interventions in the past, and guidance for how to implement them. The purpose of this extensive guide is to help community planners plan for and respond to a "mass casualty event.

The acres under the existing plan (alternative A) are the acres of existing management areas considered equivalent in management direction to the management areas in the action alternatives depression symptoms joint pain order clozapine 25mg line. Approximate acres of management areas where commercial use of special forest products is and is not allowed depression elevation definition buy generic clozapine 100mg line, by alternative Management Area Not allowed management areas (1a mood disorder axis 1 order 50 mg clozapine with amex,1b anxiety over the counter discount 50mg clozapine with visa, 2a,a 2b,b 3b, 4a, 4bc) Allowed management areas (3a, 4b,c 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7) Total acres Alternative A 1,198,100 1,194,700 2,392,800 Alternative B modified 1,316,500 1,076,300 2,392,800 Alternative C 1,622,900 769,900 2,392,800 Alternative D 1,151,800 1,241,000 2,392,800 a. Designated rivers: Not allowed in wild or scenic sections; allowed in recreation sections. Eligible rivers: Not allowed in wild section, allowed in scenic and recreation sections. Approximate acres of management areas where personal use of special forest products is and is not allowed, by alternative Management Area Not allowed management areas (4a) Allowed management areas (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4b, 5a, 5b, 5c, 6a, 6b, 6c, 7) Total Acres Alternatives A, B modified, C, D 9,900 2,382,900 2,392,800 As indicated in table 159, the amount of acres where commercial use of special forest products may be allowed differs between alternatives, with alternative D having the most acres and alternative C the least. Alternatives A and B modified are intermediate between C and D, although closer in acres to alternative D. As indicated in table 160, the amount of acres available for personal use of forest products is the same between all alternatives. Although roads or trails are not necessary for the removal of special forest products, they generally make it easier to access forest lands and areas where special products may be gathered (such as for Chapter 3. Therefore, areas that tend to have greater road or trail access, particularly wheeled motorized access, may be expected to provide greater opportunities to gather special forest products. Conversely, the potential for over-harvesting special forest products may increase with greater access. In general, the areas on the Forest that are expected to have the most road access are those that are suitable for timber production because these areas are more likely to have roads for vegetation management purposes. Acres suitable for timber production by alternative Alternative A 534,600 Alternative B modified 465,200 Alternative C 308,200 Alternative D 482,600 Restrictions on the use of wheeled motorized vehicles on roads and trails would occur under all alternatives. Alternative A retains the 1986 management direction regarding forest plan amendment 19 (grizzly bear habitat direction). This would result in a decrease in the current amount of wheeled motorized use, with an estimated 518 miles of road reclaimed and 57 miles of motorized trails that would no longer allow motorized wheeled use unless site-specifically amended. Thus, although alternative A has the most area suitable for timber production and potentially more road access, over time a larger amount of those roads would become unavailable for motorized wheeled access. Alternatives B modified and alternative D would result in no change from current conditions for wheeled motorized use and would have little to no effect on the area potentially accessible by motorized wheeled vehicles for the gathering of special forest products. Alternative C would decrease the amount of suitable wheeled motorized use compared to the current amount by an estimated 75 miles of motorized trail routes across the Forest, resulting in greater motorized restrictions than alternatives B modified and alternative D but less than alternative A. In all alternatives, although motorized use on roads and trails may be restricted, walking and mountain biking are usually allowed. Huckleberries Management activities, such as logging, that impact ground vegetation and soils can affect huckleberry cover and productivity. Initial decreases in huckleberry plants often occur after mechanical logging and slash treatment or after broadcast burning of slash (Arno et al. These effects are generally temporary, but recovery to pretreatment conditions may take several years. Opening the stand through harvest increases the amount of sun, which has the potential to improve conditions for huckleberry growth and berry production over the long term compared to preharvest conditions. On steeper south- or west-facing aspects where plants are subject to moisture stress, recovery after harvest may take longer than on more moist sites, continuing until the forest grows sufficiently to provide shade to understory plants (Arno et al. Alternatives vary in the acres suitable for timber production and in the acres expected to be treated with timber harvest over the next decade. Table 162 displays the acres by alternative of lands suitable for timber production and the expected annual average acres of timber harvest over the next decade. Acres suitable for timber productiona and expected annual average timber harvest outputsb over the next decade by alternative. Area Total acres suited for timber production Average annual acres treated by timber harvest over the next decade Alternative A Acres 534,600 1,699 Alternative B Modified Acres 465,200 3,138 Alternative C Acres 308,200 2,577 Alternative D Acres 482,600 1,833 a. The existing plan (alternative A) and alternative D have higher acres suitable for timber production, but the amount of expected timber harvest acres under these alternatives are the lowest among the alternatives, mainly because these alternatives as modeled would tend to harvest timber in a more efficient manner (refer to section 3. Alternatives A and D would thus likely have a lower potential than alternatives B modified or C for decreased huckleberry production due to fewer acres of ground potentially disturbed by logging. Alternative C would have the next lowest potential, and alternative B modified would likely have the highest potential for impact to huckleberries from logging-related ground disturbance. Conversely, because of the potential for better huckleberry growth and production with increased sunlight, harvest treatments that open up dense forest stands where huckleberry is present have the potential to improve berry production. Commercial thin treatments can be particularly beneficial because they create a favorable semi-open forest condition.